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Louis Armstrong performed during a State Department-organized tour of Africa in late 1960. Three years earlier, Armstrong had refused to carry out a tour in the Soviet Union on behalf of the U.S. over the South’s treatment of Black Americans.

Louis Armstrong performed during a State Department-organized tour of Africa in late 1960. Three years earlier, Armstrong had refused to carry out a tour in the Soviet Union on behalf of the U.S. over the South’s treatment of Black Americans. Credit: Susan Wood, Getty.