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CARICOM Pushes Forward Agenda on Reparations from Europe
CARICOM Begins 2nd Conference on Slavery Reparations from Europe
P.J Patterson passes ‘Reparations Torch’ to Prime Minister Gaston Browne at Second Regional Conference on Reparations
Reparations commission working towards Caribbean-wide rally – Beckles
Farrakhan Calls for Reparations from the Roman Catholic Church.
Presentation to the CARICOM Reparations Commission Meeting by Don Rojas
David Commissiong’s 10 Fundamental Principles of Reparations
CARICOM Pushes Forward Agenda on Reparations from Europe
SAN JUAN – Former European colonies in the Caribbean will resume talks on Monday on developing a strategy to claim reparations from Europe over slavery suffered centuries ago.
In its Second Conference of the Reparations Commission, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) will continue discussions over the 10-point plan that contemplates asking former colonial powers for a formal apology, the cancellation of the foreign debt and the repatriation of descendants, among other demands.
CARICOM members’ reparations strategy may serve as a model for African countries looking to do the same, experts told Efe.
“CARICOM member states are not willing to accept a ‘no,’ they are not willing to be marginalized,” University of South Africa law professor Jeremy Sarkin said.
The expert acknowledged that CARICOM has created an exemplary structure since it intends to make demands at “a political level, from state to state,” and not as communities, organizations or individuals from Africa have done.
Sarkin told Efe the concept of reparations gained force in 1993 at the 1st Pan-African Conference on Reparations held in Nigeria, where Jamaican lawyer Anthony Gifford argued that African slavery was a crime against humanity and international law recognizes that those who committed this crime should compensate victims.
The international debate, moreover, gained momentum at the World Conference on Reparations to Africa in 1999 and, two years later, at the World Conference against Racism in Durban, South Africa.
“These past 15 years the climate of reparations is more ripe, people understand the issues more,” Sarkin, the author of “Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century,” told Efe.
Caribbean and African countries do not see reparations as an easy way to financial recovery, but they are primarily searching for acknowledgment of wrongdoing, Sarkin said.
“All there has been is a few apologies for concrete instances, and a few reparations for particular cases, such as to former freedom fighters in Kenya,” Rhoda E. Howard-Hassmann, research chair at the Balsillie School of International Affairs in Canada, told Efe.
Previous attempts to gain reparations failed in Africa because European powers lack the political will to meet the demands and all the claims were pursued by individuals or organizations, not by states, Sarkin said in a telephone interview with Efe.
The law professor argued that former colonial powers listen to a certain extent, but they fear “opening a Pandora’s box because they don’t know how many problems will come out.”
“What are the 10 major legacies that European colonization have left behind? Issues of illiteracy. Issues of ill health. Issues of poor infrastructure. Issues of backward agricultural economies. And it goes on,” Hilary Beckles, chair of the CRC, said in May 2014.
The fact that 13 of the 15 CARICOM members have national commissions on reparations indicates “they are more willing to take a stand” as “they are aware of the pros and cons of their actions,” Sarkin said.
“African states feared their claims could undermine their relationships with former colonial powers” since most of them receive European foreign aid, he said.
Howard-Hassmann, for her part, said “former colonial powers are unlikely to offer reparations to Africa as a whole. Any financial reparations would be subject to all the same conditions and problems as foreign aid.”
Both academics agreed that the reparations process would take a long time, but Sarkin emphasized that these cases truly respond to a need on the part of Caribbean and African peoples that wish to heal wounds from the past by getting Europe to accept responsibility for the damage done to their ancestors.
CARICOM Begins 2nd Conference on Slavery Reparations from Europe
SAN JUAN – The Caribbean Community’s second round of internal discussions on seeking reparations from European countries for slavery got under way on Monday in Antigua and Barbuda.The CARICOM Reparations Commission will debate the 10-point plan proposed in September 2013 at its first conference, held in St. Vincent and the Grenadines.
The plan outlines a structure on reparations that includes asking former colonial powers for an official apology and debt forgiveness, among other demands.
“The CARICOM 10-point program for reparative justice is an excellent document, well-written and thoroughly thought out. It provides a framework for anticipated negotiations with the former European slave-trading countries,” Don Rojas, communications director of the Institute of the Black World 21st Century, told Efe.
Rojas, who will join the conference as an observer, said CARICOM may request reparations from Spain, England, France, Portugal, the Netherlands and Sweden for slavery and the genocide of indigenous people in the Caribbean.
CARICOM comprises Antigua and Barbuda; the Bahamas; Barbados; Belize; Dominica; Grenada; Guyana; Haiti; Jamaica; Montserrat; St. Lucia; St. Kitts and Nevis; St. Vincent and the Grenadines; Suriname; and Trinidad and Tobago.
In a report released early this year, the CARICOM Reparations Commission said it foresaw three possible responses from Europe: full acceptance of the 10-point plan; a partial settlement that includes a limited recognition of guilt; or a proposal for some other kind of reparations.
“I believe that CARICOM as a whole, rather than individual countries, will press claims against the European powers,” Rojas said.
CARICOM is reviewing whether to use as a legal basis for its demands the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.
Although Guadeloupe and Martinique are not part of CARICOM, the regional organization may invite the two French overseas territories to join in the demand since they have already established reparations commissions.
The report points out that Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands have already shown a willingness to listen to demands from their former colonies in the region.
CARICOM does not rule out resorting to the International Criminal Court in The Hague if its demands are ignored by the European powers.
CARICOM Seeks Regional Support for Reparations Demand
SAN JUAN, Oct. 20..EFE – The Caribbean Community Reparations Commission will begin an awareness campaign to “mobilize broad public support” across the region and the Americas for CARICOM’s demand for slavery reparation from Europe, an activist told Efe on Monday.
Don Rojas, communications director for the Institute of the Black World 21st Century, or IBW, said the goal will be to engage Caribbean professionals and youth in the “growing reparations movement.”
“By focusing on how professionals such as lawyers, economists, educators, faith leaders, scientists and technologists can become actively involved in the Caribbean reparations movement, the conference made a huge step forward in pushing the reparations agenda,” Rojas told Efe, referring to the 2nd Conference of the CARICOM Reparations Commission.
He said the Commission will continue pressing former colonial powers to negotiate on the basis of CARICOM’s 10-point program, which outlines a structure on reparations that includes asking for an official apology and debt forgiveness, among other demands.
Also, he confirmed the next CRC conference will be held in New York in April 2015. The IBW will host the event in which the organization seeks to launch the U.S. Reparations Commission.
“New York was chosen because of the large Caribbean community that resides there as well as a place from where the Caribbean Reparations Commission can solidify its links with African-American reparations advocates,” Rojas said.
CARICOM comprises Antigua and Barbuda; the Bahamas; Barbados; Belize; Dominica; Grenada; Guyana; Haiti; Jamaica; Montserrat; St. Lucia; St. Kitts and Nevis; St. Vincent and the Grenadines; Suriname; and Trinidad and Tobago.
Reparations commission working towards Caribbean-wide rally – Beckles
Prime Minister Gaston Browne (fourth from left) flanked by former Jamaica PM P.J. Patterson (left) and Sir Hilary Beckles (right) at reparation conference
By Anika Kentish
ST JOHN’S, Antigua, Wednesday October 15, 2014, CMC – A two-day conference on reparations has ended here with a call for Caribbean nationals “to rally ‘round the cause of reparatory justice”.
Chairperson of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Reparations Commission, Professor Sir Hilary Beckles, said the movement has been energized and the Commission is working towards mounting a region-wide rally.
“We are going to organize, with the support of all of these national commissions, a regional rally in which we will move the reparations banner from the northern Caribbean, through to the centre, to the south, all the way through to Brazil,” Sir Hilary told reporters at the close of the Second Regional Conference on Reparations late Tuesday.
The renowned historian and Principal of the Cave Hill campus of the University of the West Indies (UWI), said such an event would engage the talents of artists, musicians and youth, while bringing regional and global attention to the matter.
“We believe that as a result of this conference in the last two to three days that we have moved further along than we would have been had we not come,” he said.
CARICOM assistant secretary general for human and social development, Douglas Slater, said that the key ideas and interventions from the conference would be submitted the prime ministerial subcommittee on reparations headed by Barbados Prime Minister Freundal Stuart.
“They will be aware of the proposals, the debates, the discussions that occurred here and the various recommendations for their consideration and later determinations of some of the more policy issues to move forward,” Slater said.
Transatlantic slave migration
One of the major interventions in the conference came from a plenary session featuring Jamaican Youth and Culture Minister, Lisa Hannah who called for more youth involvement in the reparations movement.
Hannah noted that youths between the ages of 16 and 24 make up a quarter of the world’s population and they can play a key role in advancing the cause.
“The things that are a priority to them (the youth) now are career advancement, career development, and certainly employment and so to get the reparations agenda on their agenda is something that this group is going to have to recognize… unless you get the youth carrying your message, it’s not going to be carried,” Hannah said.
“I don’t think many young people understand the generation of psychological resentment that they also carry … even some of our men, some of our women with the kinds of things that they do in terms of health, in terms of how we process education, in terms of how we see ourselves,” she said.
But youth is not the only demographic the Commission plans to engage. Sir Hilary noted that the Diaspora is a group with considerable influence.
“It is recognized that we are building a global network of reparations commissions. In Britain, just two months ago, there as a major rally of Caribbean peoples, of African peoples to the British parliament, we are in contact with the African communities on this matter.
“Just three weeks ago in Washington, I addressed the Congressional Black Caucus and they agreed that one of the initiatives going forward is to establish an American national commission on reparations and to do so on the CARICOM model and they’ve also agreed to investigate how soon they can launch that national commission within the context of a meeting with the CARICOM commission,” Sir Hilary told reporters.
He explained that that early 2015, will likely see the establishment of an American Commission, launched in New York, largely due to the large Caribbean and African community and such a commission would be modeled after the one created by CARICOM. He also anticipates the establishment of a national commission in Brazil.
“We are going to build a global network of commissions. This is where we’re going because slavery and the slave trade were global crimes and the only way this is going to be effectively addressed in terms of reparatory action is on a global scale. And this is what we’re doing, step by step, brick by brick, we’re building this global alliance,” he added.
The two day event was hosted by the Antiguan and Barbuda government and the Antigua and Barbuda Reparations Support Commission.
The event took place even as Tropical Storm Gonzalo pummeled the twin-island nation, dumping rain, toppling trees and utility posts, and ripping away roofs.
As part of its mandate, the reparations commission seeks to establish reconciliation between victims and beneficiaries. It also seeks to achieve the Caribbean Reparatory Justice Programme 10-Point Action Plan that tackles various social, educational and economic issues including debt cancellation, public health, illiteracy eradication and psychological rehabilitation.
P.J Patterson passes ‘Reparations Torch’ to Prime Minister Gaston Browne at Second Regional Conference on Reparations
CARICOM Secretary General Ambassador Irwin LaRocque
(CARICOM Secretariat, Turkey, Greater Georgetown, Guyana) The Most Hon. P. J. Patterson, former Prime Minister of Jamaica, in a rousing address to the Opening Ceremony of the Second Regional Conference on Reparations in Antigua and Barbuda on Sunday night, gave the charge and entrusted the continuity of the pursuit of Reparations for Native Genocide and Slavery, to the Hon. Gaston Browne, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda.
“As one who belongs to the older generation of Caribbean leaders, I am here today to present that torch to a leader of the younger generation and to say: Never let that torch be extinguished,” Patterson said.
Prime Minister Browne at the start of his address accepted the charge and stated: “Let me assure you Mr. Patterson that the current Caribbean leaders have accepted the torch and will never allow it to be extinguished.”
Patterson paid special tribute to the Rastafari brethren and ‘sistren’ in the audience whom he said “ were among the first to carry on the struggle of indigenous and slave ancestors for reparatory justice.
In the post-colonial period they stoked the embers and fanned the flames of the dying reparation fire. It has now become an unstoppable conflagration.”
Patterson focused his address on the issue of Africa’s role in the historic evil of human trafficking. He challenged critics that assert that Africans should share moral responsibility for the crime against humanity that was committed because they were complicit.
“One should not place on a victim the guilt for a crime; so we should stop putting the guilt of the collaborator on the shoulders of the victim.
The African continent was the victim of imperial exploitation and slavery and suffered a massive loss. It resulted in a major depopulation of Africa, with its heavy male bias. It destroyed age old political traditions, undermined tribal systems, corrupted both moral and civil practices. In short, it crippled the potential for economic growth and social development,” he said.
Patterson also pointed out that the infrastructure established to support the heinous trafficking of Africans was not known in Africa before the mass exportation of Africans to the West.
These included fortified forts along the African coast that directed the process of kidnapping; a booming shipping industry of floating prisons that transported the captured human beings; a system of production centres with forced labour plantations; the transport of the products from these centres to Europe; a distribution infrastructure for the consumption of these products and the banking and insurance sector to finance the whole process.
Patterson asserted that “The ideology of racism and the articulation of superiority and inferiority linked to race and colour were absent in Africa before the trans-Atlantic trade in Africans.”
He also posited that the history also showed that some African leaders were induced by intimidation or bribery or greed to collaborate in the capture and transport of Africans destined for slavery. However, many African leaders opposed vehemently the capture and trans-shipment of their people.
“There is no principle in law which permits the organizers of a criminal enterprise to escape responsibility because others collaborated in carrying out the enterprise. Legal responsibility is not affected by any collaboration,” Patterson said emphatically. “It was European nations who conceived the trade, put the enterprise into motion, controlled its operation and were massively enriched by it,” he concluded.
The Opening Ceremony also featured presentations from Prime Minister Browne, Professor Sir Hilary Beckles, Chairman of the CARICOM Reparations Commission; Dr. Douglas Slater, Assistant Secretary General, Human and Social Development, CARICOM Secretariat; Mr. Stanley Liauw Angie, representative of the Indigenous People’s Organisation in Suriname; and a feature address from Dr. Julius Garvey, son of Marcus Mosiah Garvey, National Hero of Jamaica. `
The opening was held at the Multi-Purpose Centre in Antigua and Barbuda and attended by other Members of Parliament, Members of the diplomatic corps, delegations from other CARICOM Member States and representatives of civil society groups and organizations.
The Second Regional Conference on Reparations is being convened under the theme “Scientific Engagement and Community Mobilization.” The objective of the Conference is civil society engagement by widening the dialogue and intensifying scientific and popular discourse on the CARICOM Reparations Commission’s Ten Point Reparatory Justice Plan. The Conference continues on 13-14 October.
The Conference brings together a number of expert economists, lawyers, academics, historians, faith-based leaders, community activists, scientists, journalists and artists to further map out national and regional strategies to advance the case for reparations from Europe. Delegations from Martinique, Guadeloupe, the British Virgin Islands and representatives of civil society organizations from the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom were also in attendance.
The CARICOM Reparations Commission was established in September 2013 following a mandate from the CARICOM Conference of Heads of Government at their Thirty-fourth Regular Meeting held in Trinidad and Tobago in July 2013, to establish national committees and a regional commission to pursue reparations from the former European colonial powers for Native Genocide, the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and Slavery.
Twelve CARICOM Member States have established national reparations committees to date, namely: Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago.
The First Regional Conference on Reparations was held in St. Vincent and the Grenadines in September of 2013. Since that time, the action of the CARICOM Member States has re-energized the reparations movements on the African continent, the United States and the United Kingdom and has generated tremendous international media attention and interest.
Photos of the Opening Ceremony can be downloaded from the CARICOM Flickr site at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/caricomorg/sets/72157646455144244
Farrakhan Calls for Reparations from the Roman Catholic Church.
KINGSTON, Jamaica, Monday October 20, 2014, CMC – The leader of the Nation of Islam, Louis Farrakhan is calling on Caribbean countries to demand reparation for slavery from the Roman Catholic Church in addition to Europe.
Farrakhan, who was addressing the 19th anniversary of the “Million Man” march here on Sunday, said the Roman Catholic Church must be included in any discussion on the issue of reparation.
“When you talk about reparation, you can’t leave the Pope out….There was something in the Catholic Church called the Papal Bulls authorizing slavery, it is a type of letter issued or patent by the Pope,” Farrakhan told the ceremony that was also attended by government ministers.
He said Pope Nicholas V issued a Papal bull granting Portugal and Spain, “full and free permission to invade, search out and capture… and unbelievers and enemies of Christ wherever they may be and reduce their persons into perpetual slavery”.
Farrakhan said even in today’s world, this Papal Bull is being regarded as “an endorsement of slavery ….so when we are asking for reparation, we can’t leave the church out.
“You can’t leave the Pope out, nor can you leave European countries out,” he added”.
Last week, at the end of a two-day conference on reparations in Antigua, the chairperson of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Reparations Commission, Professor Sir Hilary Beckles, said the movement has been energized and the Commission is working towards mounting a region-wide rally.
“We are going to organize, with the support of all of these national commissions, a regional rally in which we will move the reparations banner from the northern Caribbean, through to the centre, to the south, all the way through to Brazil,” Sir Hilary told reporters at the close of the Second Regional Conference on Reparations late Tuesday.
The renowned historian and Principal of the Cave Hill campus of the University of the West Indies (UWI), said such an event would engage the talents of artists, musicians and youth, while bringing regional and global attention to the matter.
As part of its mandate, the reparations commission seeks to establish reconciliation between victims and beneficiaries. It also seeks to achieve the Caribbean Reparatory Justice Program 10-Point Action Plan that tackles various social, educational and economic issues including debt cancellation, public health, illiteracy eradication and psychological rehabilitation.
Presentation to the CARICOM Reparations Commission Meeting
Antigua, October 12-14, 2014
By Don Rojas,
Director of Communications and International Affairs, Institute of the Black World
Good Morning Ladies and Gentlemen,
Sisters & Brothers,
Friends and Comrades.
It is my singular pleasure and honor as a son of the Caribbean to bring you solidarity greetings from my organization, The Institute of the Black World 21st Century and from other organizations active in the growing reparations movement in the United States which has been inspired and re-energized by your collective work to advance the cause of reparatory justice for Black people and indigenous people throughout the Caribbean.
Moreover, the CARICOM Reparations Commission has breathed new life into the global Pan-Africanist Movement and your work has highlighted reparations as a key element on the international human rights agenda.
As our dear Prof. Sir Hilary Beckles has declared, reparations for 400 years African enslavement and native genocide will become the great moral movement of the 21st Century for people of color throughout the Americas and this historic conference in beautiful Antigua will help significantly to arm ourselves, both intellectually and spiritually, for the epic struggles that lie ahead of us as soldiers in a mighty army on the march for reparatory justice for our ancestors, for ourselves and for the generations yet unborn.
What you have done, sisters and brothers, in establishing national reparations commissions so far in 13 of the 15 nations of CARICOM and in adopting the ten-point program for a region-wide reparations movement is a truly remarkable and inspiring achievement. From my organization and from reparations activists throughout the United States we extend to you all much love and much respect.
Milestone event in Trinidad & Tobago
After experiencing a huge morale boost coming out of the World Conference Against Racism in 2001 in Durban, South Africa, the reparations movement in the United States was hit hard by the tragic events of September 11 just a couple weeks later with the bombing of the World Trade towers in New York and the ensuing months of hysteria and xenophobia that swept across the United States. The movement was forced to retreat in the wake of these circumstances and, unfortunately, slid into a period of dormancy that lasted for more than a decade.
And then came July, 2013 with a milestone event in Trinidad & Tobago where the Caribbean Heads of government at one of their bi-annual summit meetings agreed unanimously to establish a CARICOM Reparations Commission to push for long overdue repair and restitution from the European powers who had engaged in the holocaust that was the African slave trade since the middle of the 17th Century. The startling news coming out of Trinidad hit the US reparations movement like a bolt of lighting. What a bold and audacious move on the part of these Caribbean nations that no one saw coming. Excitement spread rapidly throughout activist black America. This was not merely a breathe of fresh air but more akin to an unpredicted hurricane sweeping up the Eastern coastline of the USA from the tropical Caribbean.
Blowing North from the region that had produced 20th Century titans who had come to black America and had built mighty movements in the belly of imperialism and in the heart of white supremacy, giants such as the Hon. Marcus Mosiah Garvey, and C.L.R James; James Padmore and Malcolm X; Stokely Carmichael and Louis Farrakhan was introducing into 21st Century narrative a reparations idea that built upon the collective legacies of these giants and, as well, upon the tireless and often unheralded work of reparations pioneers like Callie House and Belinda Royall, and more recently Randall Robinson, author of the beautifully written book, “The Debt”.
You, champions of the Caribbean reparations movement, have thrown down the gauntlet and our organization and others in the USA picked it up and began moving with determination and resolve to start pumping new life into the US Reparations movement.
We at the Institute of the Black World quickly organized a Symposium on Democracy and Development in Africa and the Caribbean in Washington DC last October which was graced by the presence of the Hon. Dr. Ralph Gonsalves, Prime Minister of St. Vincent and the Grenadines who delivered a brilliant keynote address in which he spent a considerable part of his speech on the new CARICOM Reparations initiative.
A few months later in April of 2014, our Institute organized a national reparations forum at Chicago’s State University at which your venerable chairman, Prof. Sir Hilary Beckles delivered an electrifying keynote address before hundreds in a live audience and thousands more across the world viewing the live Webcast of the event .
Ta-Nehisi Coates’s ground-breaking essay
We then launched a special Reparations section of the Institute’s Web site containing a multiplicity of news reports, essays, commentaries, historical documents, videos, slide shows and other multimedia content. This reparations mini site continues to grow by leaps and bounds.
And then in June, the groundbreaking essay by outstanding young African American journalist Ts-Nehisi Coates entitled “The Case for Reparations” was published in the prestigious, mainstream US magazine, The Atlantic and the piece lit up the literary world, catapulting Coates into the realm of media super-star. The public response to the Coates essay was huge. The magazine sold out that particular issue in two days while the traffic on its web site broke all previous records. Coates had struck a nerve in both black and white America, which continues to resonate today across the country and the world.
Other young African-American scholar/activists like Michelle Alexander, author of the best-selling book, “The New Jim Crow” which focuses on mass incarceration of young black men caught up in America’s failed War on Drugs have called for reparations for the devastation wrought on African American communities across the country as a consequence of this so-called War on Drugs.
And then most recently on September 26th at the annual legislative conference of the US Congressional Black Caucus, Coates appeared on a reparations panel organized jointly by our Institute and the office of Congressman John Conyers, the dean of the CBC and the author way back in 1989 of HR 40, the landmark reparations legislation that has languished in the US Congress ever since. We say the time has come for the CBC itself and for members of the progressive caucus in the US Congress must seriously champion HR 40 so that it can begin to move through the byzantine committee processes and procedures that characterize the work of the US Congress.
A few years ago the US Congress issued a tepid apology for slavery and for the thousands of lynchings of black people during the post-Reconstruction period in US history but to date, no American President as chief executive of the US State, and that includes Barack Obama, America’s first black president. We hope that President Obama will find the moral courage and the intestinal fortitude (“cojones”, as they say in Spanish) to issue such an apology before he leaves office two years from now. But don’t hold your breath waiting for that to happen.
US police brutality fueled by white supremacy
Today, as this conference meets here in Antigua, thousands of young activists of color have gathered in Ferguson and in St. Louis, MS for three days of protests against the out-of-control epidemic of unjustified police killings of young blacks throughout the USA. Young black males are 21 times more likely to be shot by the police than their white counterparts.
This epidemic of police brutality is fueled by the sickness of white supremacy. And so, not surprisingly, among the demands of many of these demonstrators are demands for reparations to be paid to the families and communities who have lost hundreds of black youth to rampant police killings and to myriad other forms of police abuse and misconduct.
US reparations activists are today ramping up their activism in the streets. Two weeks ago the National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America(N’Cobra) demonstrated against Chicago-based US companies that had profited from slavery and coming up on Nov. 1, N’Cobra will leads demonstrations on Capitol Hill in Washington DC calling for reparations and for support of Rep. Conyers’s reparations bill, HR 40.
At the recent reparations panel at the CBC conference Ta-Nehisi Coates said and I quote, “White supremacy is not an invention of white people; white people are an invention of white supremacy, a false doctrine concocted by elitist European philosophers and statesmen to justify the exploitation and oppression of black bodies.
“Enslavement is not ancillary to American history but at its very roots. The enslavement of Africans is foundational to the United States, and it is tough to imagine this country without it. The legacy of that enslavement gave us a suite of policies that injured, and continues to injure people who are alive and well and living in communities all over the USA today.”
The claim for reparations is as old as the United States of America itself. The claim for reparations did not begin a century after the crime. To conceive of reparations as a claim against individual white people, as opposed to a claim against American society is fundamentally flawed. Reparations is a claim by the collective millions of black and brown peoples against the American state, a state that outlives its individual citizens, a state that enjoys a degree of permanence and transcendency” that individual citizens do not.
Coates, the brilliant young author of the seminal Atlantic magazine essay ‘The Case for Reparations’ is, by his own admission, a recent convert to reparations, has done more than any other single African-American in the contemporary period to resurrect the reparations issue and introduce the concept to a new generation of both black and white Americans.
In his recent presentation at a Congressional Black caucus panel on reparations Coates stressed that the process of “extraction” of wealth and opportunities from Africans in America has never been accidental but an ingrained and devastating dimension of the evolution and development of the American nation. If reparations are to be won, this reality must be an integral part of the dialogue.
He urged the audience not to be dissuaded by arguments about the feasibility or practically of the concept but to be motivated by the necessity to achieve justice.
Beckles’s riveting speech before Britain’s House of Commons
Speaking on behalf of Prime Minister Dr. Ralph Gonsalves, who was unable to attend the session, Foreign Minister Camillo Gonsalves provided a comprehensive historical background and rationale for CARICOM’s bold, unanimous decision to demand reparations from the former European colonialists for Native genocide and African enslavement. He stated that the demand for “reparatory justice” has become the cornerstone of the domestic and foreign policy of his country.
Fresh off a riveting, and I would add gutsy, speech on reparations delivered a couple months ago to the British House of Commons, Sir Hilary Beckles passionately detailed crimes against Native People and enslaved Africans committed by European colonialists and the gross exploitation that is directly responsible for the underdevelopment of Caribbean nations today.
Then, in a tribute to Congressman Conyers for his leadership on reparations, Professor Beckles brought the audience to its feet by proclaiming a “Conyers’ Decade of Reparatory Justice” as a theme to galvanize the Reparations Movement in the U.S. and beyond.
Dr. Ron Daniels, President of the Institute of the Black World 21st Century, enthusiastically embraced Professor Beckles’ proclamation of a “Conyer’s Decade of Reparatory Justice.” He suggested that it is a powerful and appropriate theme to motivate members of the Congressional Black Caucus, civil rights/human rights, faith, labor, civic and fraternal leaders to recommit to promote HR-40 (House Resolution #40) in honor of the visionary and courageous work on reparations by Cong. Conyers, the Dean of the Congressional Black Caucus and the longest serving congressperson, black or white. We should also note here that Conyers is not only the author of the reparations bill but was also the congressman who introduced the bill to make Martin Luther King Jr’s birthday a national holiday in the USA.
Obviously moved by the many tributes and calls for a “Conyers’s Decade of Reparatory Justice, in his concluding remarks Congressman Conyers said that “this Reparations Forum has been the most substantive since I began introducing HR-40 in 1989. I expect great things as we move forward.”
CARICOM Reparations Commission to meet in New York
Dr. Daniels announced an agreement in principle for IBW to host an official meeting of the CARICOM Reparations Commission in the U.S. at a mutually agreeable time in the near future (possibly March or April 2015) in New York City.
We think New York is the most appropriate location for such a meeting, given that the largest Caribbean diaspora community in the world is concentrated in the greater New York City region, with over 2 million Caribbean people living and working there and also given that Harlem was one of the global centers of Hon. Marcus Mosiah Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association and also the base from which Malcolm X, whose mother was born in Grenada, carried out most of his life’s political work.
In addition, Daniels used that occasion to announce the creation of an African American Reparations Commission based on the CARICOM model. This Commission will take up the task of formulating a US Reparations Program as a focal point for creating greater public awareness and a mobilizing/organizing campaign to advance the struggle to achieve Reparatory Justice in the U.S. After formulating a Preliminary Program, the Commission would conduct regional hearings for community review, comment and input before adopting a Final Program.
This African American Reparations Commission will be a representative and inclusive body of fifteen women and men beginning with the selection of organizations and leaders who have been in the forefront of the Reparations Movements in the USA over the years, as well as notable leaders who support the concept.
Immediately after the New York events next Spring, we also plan to organize a speaking tour for Prof. Beckles to visit a few key cities across the United States where there are substantial communities of reparations activists, the goal being to formalize relations of solidarity and collaboration between the Caribbean reparations commission and reparations advocates across the USA.
Recently, The Journal of African American History (JAAH), formerly the Journal of Negro History founded in 1916 by the esteemed African-American historian Carter G. Woodson, joined with The Black Scholar, The Journal of Black Psychology, Souls: A Critical Review of Black Politics and Culture, The Journal of Pan-African Studies, African American Learners in issuing a “Call for Papers” for upcoming Special Issues and Symposia devoted to the discussion and analysis of what might be included in a “Ten Point Program” for reparations to African people in the United States.
In issuing their joint call for scholarly papers on reparations these publications said, “African Americans should follow the lead of their sisters and brothers in the Caribbean and begin the serious dialogue to formulate our “Ten Point Program.”
The JAAH, The Black Scholar, and other scholarly journals are currently soliciting manuscripts that identify and explain how reparations payments should be used to advance the economic and educational conditions collectively for African Americans in the United States, especially the children and youth. These scholarly journals noted that The Ten Point Program for the United States follows the issuing of the “CARICOM Ten Point Program” formulated by the Caribbean nations and issued in March 2014.
In that same vein, as director of communications and international relations for the Institute of the Black World, I manage the day-to-day operations of the Institute’s Web site and we have created a special Reparations section on our site that’s filled with news reports, speeches, essays, commentaries, slide shows, videos and other forms of new media.
We intend to continue to build this section into an online hub for all things reparations and I’d like to invite all the national reparations commissions and committees that have been established in the CARICOM region to send us reports, statements, press releases, photos and videos and we’ll be happy to publish them on this ‘reparations hub on the Web’ that can be accessed from anywhere and anyone in the world with Internet connectivity.
Crimes Against Humanity
As a former director of communications for both the NAACP and the National Urban League, it would please me no small amount to see the two leading organizations of the US civil rights movement place the issue of reparations squarely on their agendas in the years ahead. I’m realistic enough to recognize that this is not probable in the short term but certainly not impossible in the longer term. What we achieved at the reparations panel at the CBC conference can help to nudge them in this direction.
Comrades, enlightened international public opinion is beginning to understand and appreciate that African enslavement and native genocide are crimes against humanity and as such have no statute of limitations and that demands for restitution, restoration, repair and renewal are right and just.
As we move collectively to globalize the reparations movement in the months and years ahead we must begin to understand the struggle for reparations today within the context of the struggles against globalization, for economic and social justice and for the establishment of a people’s New World Economic order, one that‘s in stark contrast to that which was set up in Bretton Woods after World War 11 by the imperial powers and which is maintained today by the IMF, the World Bank, and the so-called masters of the universe, the captains of global finance who rule the existing world order comfortably from their plush suites on Wall Street in New York, K Street in Washington and similar places in London, Paris, Frankfurt, Brussels and Hong Kong.
Dr. Julius Garvey, in his extraordinary presentation at the opening session of this conference, indeed in his manifesto, correctly situated the contemporary Pan-Africanist movement squarely within the anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist movements of our time.
There are many perceptible parallels between the super exploitation and forcible extraction of wealth from uncompensated slave labor that provided the surplus value upon which capitalism took hold and thrived throughout Europe and the United States in the 19th and 20th centuries and the unequal income and wealth distribution that prevails around the globe today.
Global economic inequality and reparations
Today, economists tell us that the global economy is more unequal now that it has been in 100 years. More and more wealth that is being extracted from the labor of billions of working people around the world and that includes black people in the Caribbean and throughout the Americas, is being transferred at increasingly rapid rates from the bottom 99% to the top 1% of society. This is the modern form of slavery, wage slavery, if you will.
This systemic exploitation is sanctioned and protected by regimes of unjust laws which favor the super-rich over all the rest of us; enforced and policed by repressive national security and surveillaince states run by small but extraordinarily powerful political and economic elites which are dominated by white males and which are accountable to no one and whose unchecked greed make a mockery of democracy.
Just consider this staggering statistic as I bring this presentation to a close—today the top 400 richest persons in the United States own more wealth than the combined GDP’s of 95% of the world’s nations. This level of unprecedented economic exploitation, if left unchecked, will lead the world into an abyss that none of us will recover from. We got a foretaste of this recklessness in the global financial crisis of 2007 and 2008, brought about by the ‘banksters’, none of whom have yet to be prosecuted for their crimes against humanity, yet all of whom have enriched themselves and their class to an obscene degree.
As Dr. Garvey said, capitalism today, in its obscene greed, is raping our planet of its natural resources, destroying its climate and endangering human civilization itself. This veneration and glorification of the so-called “free market” and the argument that there is no feasible alternative to capitalist economic development is bogus and is a white supremacist, Euro-American idea at its very core and it must be rejected by our economists, our public intellectuals and, most importantly, by our political leaders.
So what does widening global inequalities have to do with reparations? Because, the great masses of black and brown people around the world are the most acutely disadvantaged by the neo-liberal model of economics which has produced a few black billionaires in Africa and the United States while simultaneously increasing black poverty on the African continent and throughout the Americas. Neo-liberalism is nothing more than the ugly face of neo-colonialism. In neo-liberal economic thinking, human beings are mere commodities whose labor is bought and sold in the so-called “free market”.
What is needed, in my opinion, is for our Caribbean development economists and our public intellectuals to apply their talents and creativity to design alternative models that are driven both by objective social science and the traditional principles of African communalism and African humanism. And, these new models should be financed by the reparations paid to the Caribbean by the former European slave holding nations.
Our demands for reparations should be viewed as a critical component in a multitude of inter-related claims that we as people of color around the world must make against these modern-day slave masters, these tycoons of global finance, who are the direct descendants of the slave-holding classes of the European and American colonial powers who profited handsomely from the African slave trade of yesteryear and who continue to profit handsomely from the economic order of today.
Our struggle for reparations is not subordinate to any other struggle, should not be subsumed under other struggles but it should function as an equal part of a set of inter-connected struggles against neo-liberalism. This is not abstract ideology or radical rhetoric. This is a life and death matter, fundamentally an existential issue, for all of us.
To be sure, there will be ups and downs, zigs and zags as we push forward with the struggle for reparations in the years ahead. This struggle will be a protracted one but through the difficulties and the challenges that lie ahead let us be reminded of the classic admonition by the great African revolutionary Amilcar Cabral who said, “tell no lies, and claim no easy victories.”
Sisters & brothers, comrades and friends, I thank you again for the kind invitation to the Institute of the Black World to participate in this second conference of the Caribbean Reparations Commission.
You have taken important steps at this conference in Antigua to deepen the reparations conversations among professionals, government officials, academics and activists.
Reparations—the final stage of de-colonization
Now, you and we, are challenged to broaden the engagement in these conversations and debates to include the broad masses of our people and their representatives from the ranks of organized labor, farmers, youth, women, church groups, NGOs, civil society organizations, the Rastafari communities across the region etc.
Our discussions, debates and demands will be won, not merely by persuasive, compelling and eloquent legal, academic and moral arguments but ultimately by the collective power of our people, organized and mobilized into a mighty mass movement for reparations. Garvey’s UNIA is our shining historical precedent of such a global mass movement of black people. It was accomplished in the 1920s and 30s and it can and will be accomplished again in the second and third decades of the 21st Century.
With reparations, we have entered the final stage of de-colonization and we are now beginning the next stage of liberation for all of our region’s countries and for African-descended peoples throughout the Americas–from the Caribbean islands, to Costa Rica, Panama, Belize, Nicaragua, and Honduras in Central America to Harlem and Brooklyn and Chicago in the United States, to Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Bolivia, Peru and other countries in Latin America with substantial black populations, in fact, with well over 120 million black people living and struggling for dignity and a decent life throughout this Hemisphere.
“REPARATIONS NOW” should be the slogan that unites us. Not Reparations Tomorrow but Reparations Today, reparations Now. This is urgent and we should not dilly dally.
And, finally, as we used to say back in the day when the Grenada Revolution, (that I had the privilege to serve from 1979-1983 as the communications director to the late Prime Minister Maurice Bishop)—we used to say at the end of every meeting, conference and rally–Forward Ever, Backward Never.
A Luta Continua!!
I thank you for listening.
